The SSRU Guidelines for Writing an English Abstract for a PhD (Doctoral) Thesis

1. It is not necessary to omit any articles in a thesis title. Articles are needed if they make a title grammatically correct.

2. A minimum of three keywords is required.

3. Generally, past tenses should be used in writing an abstract. However, present tenses may be used when describing realities such as teachings of a particular religion. Moreover, present tenses can also be used in writing the research background/significance and research contribution and implication.

4. An abstract must consist of five main components including:

       4.1 Research background/significance

       4.2 Research objective(s)

       4.3 Research methodology in which a research design, sample, sample size, a sampling 4.4 technique, criteria for determining a sample size, and how to collect and analyze data must be clearly stated.

       4.4 Research findings

       4.5 Research contribution/implication

5. It should contain a maximum of 300-500 words.

6. It should be in only one paragraph.